Concentric turbomachine with trailing edge

ABSTRACT

An axial flow turbomachine ( 102 ) for producing thrust to propel an aircraft is shown. The turbomachine has an inner duct ( 202 ) and an outer duct ( 204 ), both of which are annular and concentric with one another. An inner fan ( 206 ) is located in the inner duct, and is configured to produce a primary pressurised flow (P). An outer fan ( 207 ) is located in an outer duct, and is configured to produce a secondary pressurised flow (S). The outer fan has a hollow hub ( 208 ) through which the inner duct passes. A swept area of the outer fan is from 2 to 20 times greater than a swept area of the inner fan.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to turbomachinery for producing thrust to propelan aircraft.

BACKGROUND

Turbomachines transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid. They may beused for aircraft propulsion by developing thrust. The range and cost ofoperating an aircraft is largely dependent upon the efficiency of itsengines. As energy sources become more scarce, it is desirable toincrease the propulsive efficiency of the propulsive turbomachinery. Itis also desirable to employ electric machines to drive the turbomachinesto reduce the thermal losses and emissions associated with internalcombustion engines.

SUMMARY

The invention is directed towards axial flow turbomachines for producingthrust to propel an aircraft, and aircraft incorporating the same.

In an aspect, such an axial flow turbomachine comprises an inner ductand an outer duct, both of which are annular and concentric with oneanother.

The turbomachine further comprises an inner fan located in the innerduct, the inner fan being configured to produce a primary pressurisedflow, and an outer fan located in the outer duct, the outer fan beingconfigured to produce a secondary pressurised flow and having a hollowhub through which the inner duct passes.

The swept area of the outer fan is from 2 to 20 times greater than aswept area of the inner fan.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments will now be described by way of example only with referenceto the accompanying drawings, which are purely schematic and not toscale, and in which:

FIG. 1 shows an aircraft having axial flow turbomachines for producingthrust; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic of one of the turbomachines of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An aircraft 101 is illustrated in FIG. 1, and is in the presentembodiment a hybrid electric aircraft having two axial flowturbomachines 102 that are electrically-driven. The turbomachines 102will be described further with reference to FIG. 2.

Referring again to FIG. 1, electrical power is provided to theturbomachines by an electrical generation unit 103 located in thefuselage via a bus 104. It will be appreciated by those skilled in theart that the bus 104 may include conductors, power electronics, and maypossibly include energy storage systems such as batteries or flywheelsto provide extra capacity.

In the present embodiment, the electrical generation unit 103 includesan electric machine 201 which is driven by an internal combustionengine. In the present example, the electrical generation unit 103 isconfigured as a turboelectric generator, in which the internalcombustion engine is a gas turbine engine 202, i.e. a Brayton cycleengine. Alternatively, the internal combustion engine could be a pistonengine, such as a Diesel cycle engine, or any other type of internalcombustion engine, such as those operating in accordance with an Otto orAtkinson cycle.

In an alternative configuration, the aircraft 101 does not include anelectrical generation unit 103, but instead includes a battery pack andis hence fully electric.

A schematic of one of the turbomachines 102 is illustrated in FIG. 2.

The turbomachine 102 is substantially axisymmetric around its centrelineA-A. An inner casing 201 defines the inner radial extent of an innerduct 202, with a flow splitter 203 defining the outer radial extent ofthe inner duct 202. The flow splitter 203 also defines the inner radialextent of an outer duct 204, with an outer casing 205 defining the outerradial extent of the outer duct 204.

The inner duct 202 and outer duct 204 are thereby annular and concentricwith each other with respect to the centreline A-A.

An inner fan 206 is located within the inner duct 202, whilst an outerfan 207 is located within the outer duct 204. In operation, each fanrotates around the centreline A-A. The inner fan 206 produces a primarypressurised flow P, and the outer fan 207 produces a secondarypressurised flow S. Together, the flows P and S produce thrust whichpropels the aircraft 101. In operation, the primary pressurised flow Pand the secondary pressurised flow S exit their respective ducts 202 and204, whereupon the secondary pressurised flow S substantially shroudsthe primary pressurised flow P and reduces the appreciable jet noise ofthe primary pressurised flow P. This has particular benefits forvehicles which operate in areas where community noise is of concern.

As illustrated in the Figure, the outer fan 207 has a hollow hub 208through which the inner duct 202 passes.

In the present embodiment, the outer duct 204 has a greater axial extentthan the inner duct 202, such that its trailing edge is located axiallydownstream of the trailing edge of the inner duct 202. In this way, amixing zone is created. The difference in duct length Δ_(duct), may beadjusted to achieve the desired level of mixing between the primarypressurised flow P and the secondary pressurised flow S.

In an embodiment, Δ_(duct) may be from 0 to 14 times the tip radiusr_(T,I) of the inner fan 206, i.e. 0<Δ_(duct)≤14r_(T,I). In a specificembodiment, 4r_(T,I)<Δ_(duct)≤10r_(T,I). In another specific embodiment,6r_(T,I)<Δ_(duct)≤8r_(T,I). In a another specific embodiment,Δ_(duct)=7r_(T,I).

Δ_(duct) may be selected to balance the degree of mixing achieved andthe losses due to friction. For a given degree of mixing, a shorterΔ_(duct) may be achieved by using forced mixing techniques, such as bymeans of a lobed mixer. Thus for example in such a configurationΔ_(duct) may be less than 7 times the tip radius r_(T,I) of the innerfan 206, i.e. 0<Δ_(duct)≤7r_(T,I). In a specific embodiment,2r_(T,I)<Δ_(duct)≤5r_(T,I). In another specific embodiment,3r_(T,I)<Δ_(duct)≤4r_(T,I). In another specific embodiment,Δ_(duct)=3.5r_(T,I).

The inventor has discovered that the principle of operation of theturbomachine 102 in this embodiment is therefore similar to that of anejector. In operation, shear forces between the primary pressurised flowP and secondary pressurised flow S drive a mixing process and a staticpressure drop below ambient pressure in the mixing plane.

In a specific embodiment, the inner fan 206 rotates in a directioncounter to the direction of rotation of the outer fan 207, i.e.{circumflex over (ω)}_(I)=−{circumflex over (ω)}_(O). This may assistthe mixing of the primary pressurised flow P and the secondarypressurised flow S.

During the mixing process, energy is transferred between the flows andthe kinetic energy of the primary pressurised flow P is distributed overa larger mass flow of air. The specific enthalpies of the two flows Pand S equalise and the exhaust velocity decreases. This increases thepropulsive efficiency of the turbomachine 102.

In an alternative configuration the inner duct 202 is may be the samelength or longer than the outer duct 204, i.e. Δ_(duct)≤0 and so thereis no mixing zone. However, the turbomachine 102 when configured in thisway will still exhibit greater thrust than a single fan arrangementhaving the same pressure ratio and tip speed as the outer fan 207. Thisis attributable to the greater overall momentum change due to thepresence of the inner fan 206.

The outer fan 207 has a swept area A_(O) of from 2 to 20 times greaterthan the swept area A_(I) of the inner fan 206, i.e.2A_(I)≤A_(O)≤20A_(I). The inventor has discovered that this provides apositive thrust gain, i.e. an augmentation factor Φ (which is a measureof the factor of thrust gain achieved versus a single rotor) is greaterthan 1. In a specific embodiment, the outer fan 207 has a swept areaA_(O) of from 4 to 17 times greater than the swept area A_(I) of theinner fan 206, i.e. 4A_(I)≤A_(O)≤17A_(I). The inventor has determinedthat this achieves an augmentation factor Φ of from about 1.15 to about1.45 versus a single fan of the same tip diameter as the outer fan 207.In a specific embodiment, the outer fan 207 has a swept area A_(O) offrom 7.5 to 13 times greater than the swept area A_(I) of the inner fan206, i.e. 7.5A_(I)≤A_(O)≤13A_(I). The inventor has determined that thisachieves an augmentation factor Φ of from about 1.3 to about 1.4 versusa single fan of the same tip diameter as the outer fan 207. In aspecific embodiment, the outer fan 207 has a swept area A_(O) that is 9times greater than the swept area A_(I) of the inner fan 206, i.e.A_(O)=9A_(I). The inventor has determined that this achieves anaugmentation factor Φ of about 1.35 versus a single fan of the same tipdiameter as the outer fan 207.

In the present embodiment, the inner fan 206 is driven by an electricmachine comprising a rotor 209 and a stator 210. In the specificembodiment of FIG. 2, the rotor 209 and stator 210 are located withinthe casing 201. In the specific embodiment, the rotor 209 is an exteriorrotor, such that the stator 209 is located radially inward relative tothe rotor 210. It may be integral with the hub of the inner fan 206.

In an alternative embodiment, the rotor 209 may be an interior rotor,connected to the hub of the inner fan 206 by an appropriate shaftarrangement. In another alternative embodiment, the inner fan 206 may berim-driven, with the rotor 209 and stator 210 located in the flowsplitter 203. In such a case, the rotor 209 may be an interior rotor.

In the present embodiment, the outer fan 207 is driven by an electricmachine comprising a rotor 211 and a stator 212. In the specificembodiment of FIG. 2, the rotor 211 and stator 212 are located withinthe flow splitter 203. In the specific embodiment, the rotor 211 is anexterior rotor, such that the stator 212 is located radially inwardrelative to the rotor 211 and radially outward of the inner duct 202. Itmay be integral with the hub of the outer fan 207.

In an alternative embodiment, the rotor 211 may be an interior rotor,connected to the hub of the outer fan 207 by an appropriate shaftarrangement. In another alternative embodiment, the fan 206 may berim-driven, with the rotor 211 and stator 212 located in the casing 205.In such a case, the rotor 211 may be an interior rotor.

In the present embodiment, the inner fan 206 and outer fan 207 overlapin an axial sense. However, in alternative embodiments, they may insteadonly partially overlap, or alternatively not at all. In the presentembodiment, the inner fan 206 has a mid-chord line 213 axially forwardof the mid-chord line 214 of the outer fan 207. Alternatively, themid-chord lines may be aligned axially, or instead the mid-chord line213 may be located rearward of the mid-chord line 214.

The hub-tip ratio of the outer fan 207 v_(O) may be determined as theratio of the tip radius r_(T,O) to the hub radius r_(H,O). The hub-tipratio of the inner fan 206 v_(I) may be determined as the ratio of thetip radius r_(T,I) to the hub radius r_(H,I). The hub-tip ratios may bedetermined based on the mean hub and tip radii, should the hade angle atthe root of the fans be non-zero, and/or the tip conform to a divergentor convergent duct endwall.

In an embodiment, the outer fan 207 has a hub-tip ratio v_(O) of from1.6 to 2.2 times that of the inner fan 206, v_(I), i.e.1.6v_(I)≤v_(O)≤2.2v_(I). The inventor has discovered that this minimisesthe overall impact of tip clearance on the smaller-diameter inner fan206. Further, the inner fan 206 may rotate at a rate greater than therate of the outer fan 207, i.e. |ω_(I)|>|ω_(O)|, due to the reducedblade stresses. In a specific embodiment, the outer fan 207 has ahub-tip ratio v_(O) of from 1.6 to 2.0 times that of the inner fan 206,v_(I), i.e. 1.6v_(I)≤v_(O)≤2.0v_(I). In another specific embodiment, theouter fan 207 has a hub-tip ratio v_(O) of from 1.6 to 1.8 times that ofthe inner fan 206, v_(I), i.e. 1.6v_(I)≤v_(O)≤1.8v_(I). In anotherspecific embodiment, the outer fan 207 has a hub-tip ratio v_(O) that is1.6 times that of the inner fan 206, v_(I), i.e. v_(O)=1.6v_(I). Forexample, the outer fan 207 may have a hub-tip ratio v_(O) of 0.4, andthe inner fan 206 has a hub-tip ratio v_(I) of 0.25.

In an embodiment, the diameter of the outer fan 207 is from 2.5 to 3.5times greater than the diameter of the inner fan 206. As will beappreciated this means that the respective radii r_(T,O) and r_(T,I)observe the same relation, i.e. 2.5r_(T,I)≤r_(T,O)≤3.5r_(T,I). Theinventor has discovered that this allows sufficient swept area for theouter fan 207 to operate efficiently, but enough space for the electricmachine to be housed in the flow splitter. In a specific embodiment, thediameter of the outer fan 207 is from 2.8 to 3.3 times greater than thediameter of the inner fan 206, i.e. 2.8r_(T,I)≤r_(T,O)≤3.3r_(T,I). Inanother specific embodiment, the diameter of the outer fan 207 is 3.2times greater than the diameter of the inner fan 206, i.e.r_(T,O)=3.2r_(T,I). The inventor has discovered that this allows for anoptimum balance to be struck between the size of the electric machine,and the efficiency of the turbomachine. Further, in the presentembodiment in which Δ_(duct) is positive, the aforementioned choices ofdiameters may also optimise the thrust augmentation factor Φ that isobtained.

In an embodiment, the inner fan 206 is configured to operate with a tipspeed U_(T,I) that is from 1 to 3 times the tip speed U_(T,O) of theouter fan 207, i.e. U_(T,O)≤U_(T,I)≤3U_(T,O). The inventor hasdiscovered that this allows the inner fan 206 to operate with a higherpressure ratio whilst, due to the shielding provided by the secondarypressurised flow, not causing excessive jet noise. In a specificembodiment, the inner fan 206 is configured to operate with a tip speedU_(T,I) that is from 1.3 to 2.5 times the tip speed U_(T,O) of the outerfan 207, i.e. 1.3U_(T,O)≤U_(T,I)≤2.5U_(T,O). In another specificembodiment, is configured to operate with a tip speed that is 1.9 timesthat of the outer fan 207, i.e. U_(T,I)=1.9U_(T,O).

In an embodiment, the inner fan 206 is configured to operate at a rateof rotation ω_(I) that is from 3 to 8 times the rate ω_(O) of the outerfan 207, i.e. 3ω_(O)≤ω_(I)≤8ω_(O). The inventor has discovered that thismaximises the work of the inner fan 206 whilst minimising tip losses andblade stress. In a specific embodiment, the inner fan 206 is configuredto operate at a rate of rotation ω_(I) that is from 5 to 7 times therate ω_(O) of the outer fan 207, i.e. 5ω_(O)≤ω_(I)≤7ω_(O). In anotherspecific embodiment, the inner fan 206 is configured to operate at arate of rotation 6 times that of the outer fan 207, i.e. ω_(I)=6ω_(O).

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that whilst thepresent embodiments of the turbomachine 102 have been described withapplication to a hybrid- or fully-electric aircraft, the same principlesmay be applied in embodiments in which the requisite shaft power isprovided by another means, such as one or more gas turbine engines.Different rotational rates may, for example, be achieved by use of agearbox. Alternatively, a combination of a gas turbine and an electricmachine may be used to drive one or more of the inner and outer fans.

Various examples have been described, each of which feature variouscombinations of features. It will be appreciated by those skilled in theart that, except where clearly mutually exclusive, any of the featuresmay be employed separately or in combination with any other features andthe invention extends to and includes all combinations andsub-combinations of one or more features described herein.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An axial flow turbomachine for producingthrust to propel an aircraft, the turbomachine comprising: an inner ductand an outer duct, both of the inner duct and the outer duct are annularand concentric with one another; an inner fan located in the inner duct,the inner fan being configured to produce a primary pressurized flow;and an outer fan located in the outer duct, the outer fan beingconfigured to produce a secondary pressurized flow and having a hollowhub through which the inner duct passes; wherein a duct length isdefined by a length of a trailing edge of the outer duct located axiallydownstream of the inner duct, a swept area of the outer fan is from 2 to20 times greater than a swept area of the inner fan, and the duct lengthis defined by a range between 6 times a tip radius of the inner fan and8 times the tip radius of the inner fan.
 2. The turbomachine of claim 1,wherein the swept area of the outer fan is from 4 to 17 times greaterthan the swept area of the inner fan.
 3. The turbomachine of claim 1,wherein the swept area of the outer fan is from 7.5 to 13 times greaterthan the swept area of the inner fan.
 4. The turbomachine of claim 1,wherein the swept area of the outer fan is equal to 9 times greater thanthe swept area of the inner fan.
 5. The turbomachine of claim 1,wherein, in operation, the primary pressurized flow enters the innerduct and the secondary pressurized flow enters the outer duct, theprimary pressurized flow and secondary pressurized flow respectivelyexit the inner duct and the outer duct, such that the secondarypressurized flow substantially shrouds the primary pressurized flow. 6.The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein the inner fan is configured torotate counter to the outer fan.
 7. The turbomachine of claim 1, whereinthe inner fan is configured to rotate at a rate greater than a rate ofthe outer fan.
 8. The turbomachine of claim 1, further comprising afirst electric machine configured to drive the inner fan and a secondelectric machine configured to drive the outer fan.
 9. The turbomachineof claim 1, further comprising a first electric machine configured todrive the inner fan, the first electric machine having a rotor integralwith a hub of the inner fan and a stator located radially inward of therotor.
 10. The turbomachine of claim 9, further comprising a secondelectric machine is-configured to drive the outer fan, the secondelectric machine having a rotor integral with the hub of the outer fanand a stator located radially inward of the rotor of the second electricmachine and radially outward of the inner duct.
 11. The turbomachine ofclaim 1, wherein the inner fan and the outer fan partially or fullyoverlap in an axial direction.
 12. The turbomachine of claim 1, whereina hub-tip ratio of the outer fan is from 1.6 to 2.2 times a hub-tipratio of the inner fan.
 13. The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein adiameter of the outer fan is from 2.5 to 3.5 times a diameter of theinner fan.
 14. The turbomachine of claim 13, wherein the diameter of theouter fan is equal to 3.2 times greater than the diameter of the innerfan.
 15. The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein the inner fan isconfigured to operate at a tip speed from 1 to 3 times a tip speed ofthe outer fan.
 16. The turbomachine of claim 15, wherein the inner fanis configured to operate at the tip speed from 1.3 to 2.5 times the tipspeed of the outer fan.
 17. The turbomachine of claim 1, wherein theinner fan is configured to operate at a rate of rotation of from 3 to 8times that a rate of rotation of the outer fan.
 18. The turbomachine ofclaim 17, in which the inner fan is configured to operate at the rate ofrotation from 5 to 7 times the rate of rotation of the outer fan.
 19. Anaircraft comprising one or more turbomachines according to claim 1.